Paper spread from China via the Islamic world to Europe by the 14th century, and by the late 15th century had largely replaced parchment for many purposes. In India, the palm leaf manuscript, with a distinctive long rectangular shape, was used from ancient times until the 19th century. In Russia birch bark documents as old as from the 11th century have survived. Manuscripts were produced on vellum and other parchment, on papyrus, and on paper. Historically, manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls ( volumen in Latin) or books ( codex, plural codices). The oldest known dated Arabic manuscript on paper in Leiden University Library, dated 319 AH (931 AD) Armenian manuscriptīefore the inventions of printing, in China by woodblock and in Europe by movable type in a printing press, all written documents had to be both produced and reproduced by hand. History The Isha Upanishad manuscript Gharib al-Hadith, by Abu 'Ubaid al-Qasim ibn Sallam al-Harawi (d. Digital reproductions can be called (high-resolution) scans or digital images. The mechanical reproduction of a manuscript is called facsimile. historical elements of the ms: blood, wine etc.pastedown (blank paper for inside cover).pencil to help with the writing process.fascicle: individual manuscript, part of a convolute.convolute: volume containing different manuscripts.manuscripts bound together in a single volume:. ![]()
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